Chinese Cuisine

Traditional dim sum includes various types of steamed buns such as cha siu baau, dumplings and rice noodle rolls (cheong fun), which contain a range of ingredients, including beef, chicken, pork, prawns and vegetarian options. Many dim sum restaurants also offer plates of steamed green vegetables, roasted meats, congee porridge and other soups. Dessert dim sum is also available and many places offer the customary egg tart. Having a meal in a Chinese teahouse or a dim sum restaurant is known as yum cha (yam cha, 飲茶), literally "drinking tea", as tea is typically served with dim sum.

Dim sum can be cooked by steaming and frying, among other methods. The serving sizes are usually small and normally served as three or four pieces in one dish. It is customary to order family style, sharing dishes among all members of the dining party. Because of the small portions, people can try a wide variety of food.

Dim sum dishes can be ordered from a menu or sometimes the food is wheeled around on a trolley by servers. Traditionally, the cost of the meal is calculated based on the number, size, and sometimes color of the dishes left on the patron's table (more below). Some modern dim sum restaurants record the dishes on a bill at the table. Not only is this tidier, it also prevents patrons from cheating by concealing or stealing the plates. Servers in some restaurants use distinct stamps so that sales statistics for each server can be recorded.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: loewy, table 8

Dim Sum Fast food

Two women picking microwave-cooked dim sum from the freezer in Circle K, Hong Kong.

Certain kinds of instant dim sum have come onto the market in Hong Kong, Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore. People can enjoy snacks after a 3-minute defrosting and reheating of the instant dim sum in a microwave oven.

Some stalls serve "street dim sum" which usually consists of dumplings or meatballs steamed in a large container, but served on a bamboo skewer. The customer can dip the whole skewer into a sauce bowl and eat while standing or walking.

Dim sum can be purchased from major grocery stores in most countries with a Chinese population. These dim sum can be easily cooked by steaming or microwaving. Major grocery stores in Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Australia, United States and Canada have a variety of dim sum stocked at the shelves. These include dumplings, siu maai, bau, cheong fun, lo bak go and steamed spare ribs. In Singapore, as well as other countries, dim sum can also be purchased from convenience stores, coffee shops and other eateries. There is also halal certified dim sum available, with chicken taking the place of pork which in addition to Singapore is very popular in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: loewy, table 8

Tofu

Tofu skin also known as dried beancurd, yuba or bean skim, is a Chinese and Japanese food product made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein–lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin or soy milk skin. Because it is derived directly from soy milk, the name tofu skin is technically inaccurate.

Preparation

Tofu skin may be purchased in fresh or dried form. In the latter case, the tofu skin is rehydrated in water before use. It is often used to wrap dim sum.

Because of its slightly rubbery texture, tofu skin is also manufactured in bunched, folded and wrapped forms that are used as meat substitutes in vegetarian cuisine. Tofu skins can be wrapped and then folded against itself to make doù baō (Chinese: 豆包, literally "tofu package"). These are often fried to give it a firmer skin before being cooked further.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: makanan, minuman

Padu Padan Makanan

Alih Bahasa Oleh: Ratih

Pernahkah kamu makan pagi, siang malam dengan menu yang sama? Bisa jadi jawabannya pernah atau tidak pernah. Tanpa kita sadari, kita memilih makanan bukan hanya berdasarkan keinginan tapi juga berdasarkan kategori makanan. Penelitian mengenai makanan dan budaya mengkategorikan makanan menjadi beberapa bagian. Bukan hanya berdasarkan selera pribadi. Berikut kategori makanan menurut hasil penelitian di negara berkembang dan maju:

1. cultural superfoods: fungsi makanan ini untuk diet;

2. prestige foods: makanan berprotein tinggi, mahal atau unik;

3. body image foods: makanan yang dipercaya dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan, kecantikan dan kesejahteraan;

4. sympathetic magic foods: makanan yang memiliki kesamaan dari segi bentuk dan warna;

5. physiologic group foods: makanan yang tidak boleh dikonsumsi bagi kelompok tertentu misalnya gender, usia atau kondisi kesehatan.

Kategorisasi ini memudahkan para peneliti mengidentifikasi dan memahami kebiasaan makan dari berbagai kebudayaan, termasuk soal berikut:

1. frekuensi konsumsi makanan yang digambarkan melalui model makanan utama dan pelengkap;

2. tradisi budaya dalam mempersiapkan makanan berdasarkan perayaan tertentu;

3. makanan harian, mingguan, dan tahunan dalam pola makan serta siklus makan;

4. perubahan dari fungsi-fungsi makanan yang disebabkan oleh perkembangan budaya, diprediksi dari perubahan pandangan tentang budaya makan.

Makanan yang paling sering dikonsumsi diantaranya: nasi, gandum, jagung, dan sayuran. Sedangkan makanan yang luas penyebarannya namun dikonsumsi dengan frekuensi tertentu seminggu sekali ialah: ayam, selada dan apel. Sedangkan makanan yang dikonsumsi sekali-sekali disebut peripheral foods. Sifatnya pilihan pribadi, bukan kebiasaan budaya secara berkelompok. Pada banyak budaya, terutama pada masyarakat agraris, makanan utama disajikan dengan makanan pelengkap untuk menyeimbangkan kadar nutrisi antara makanan utama dan makanan pelengkap. Nasi, roti dan pasta disajikan dengan sayuran atau tomat. Di Cina, nasi dipadukan dengan sayuran, di Itali mie dipadukan dengan saus tomat (spaghetti), di Meksiko tortilla dengan salsa. Padu padan makanan memang bersifat membudaya pada jenis makanan utama dan lauk. Bagaimana denganmu?

Sumber:

Kittler, Pamela Goyan and Kathryn Sucher. 2008. Food and culture. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.

Lihat juga: Loewy, Table 8, dim sum

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an international agricultural research center founded in the early 1970s to improve the understanding of national agricultural and food policies to promote the adoption of innovations in agricultural technology. Additionally, IFPRI was meant to shed more light on the role of agricultural and rural development in the broader development pathway of a country.According to its website, the IFPRI "seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty."

The IFPRI is part of a network of international research institutes funded in part by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which in turn is funded by governments, private businesses and foundations, and the World Bank.

Scope

IFPRI carries out food policy research and disseminates it through hundreds of publications, bulletins, conferences, and other initiatives. IFPRI was organized as a District of Columbia non-profit, non-stock corporation on March 5, 1975 and its first research bulletin was produced in February 1976. IFPRI has offices in several developing countries, including China, Ethiopia, and India, and has research staff working in many more countries around the world.

Research Areas

IFPRI’s institutional strategy rests on three pillars: research, capacity strengthening, and policy communication.

Research topics have included low crop and animal productivity, and environmental degradation, water management, fragile lands, property rights, collective action, sustainable intensification of agricultural production, the impact of climate change on poor farmers, the problems and opportunities of biotechnology,food security, micronutrient malnutrition, microfinance programs, urban food security, gender and development, and resource allocation within households.

IFPRI also analyzes agricultural market reforms, trade policy, World Trade Organization negotiations in the context of agriculture, institutional effectiveness, crop and income diversification, postharvest activity, and agroindustry.

The institute is involved in measuring the Millennium Development Goals project and supports governments in the formulation and implementation of development strategies.

Further work includes research on agricultural innovation systems and the role of capacity strengthening in agricultural development.

Products and Publications

IFPRI targets its policy and research products to many audiences, including developing-country policymakers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil-society organizations, "opinion leaders", donors, advisers, and media.

Publications by IFPRI include books, research reports, but also newsletters, briefs, and fact sheets. It is also involved in the collection of primary data and the compilation and processing of secondary data.

In 1993 IFPRI introduced the 2020 Vision Initiative, which aims at coordinating and supporting a debate among national governments, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, international development institutions, and other elements of civil society to reach food security for all by 2020.

As of 2006 IFPRI produces the (GHI) yearly measuring the progress and failure of individual countries and regions in the fight against hunger. The GHI is a collaboration of IFPRI, the Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide.

IFPRI has produced the related Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) (2008) and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia (2009).

Organizational structure

IFPRI is made up of the Office of the Director General, a Communications Division and the Finance and Administration Division, and 5 research divisions:

• Development Strategy and Governance

• Environment and Production Technology

• Poverty, Health, and Nutrition

• Knowledge, Capacity, and Innovation

• Markets, Trade, and Institutions

IFPRI hosts several research networks:

• The (ASTI)

• The CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi)

• Harvest Plus

• HarvestChoice

Impact

The evaluation of policy-oriented research poses a lot of challenges including the difficulty to quantify the impact of knowledge and ideas in terms of reduced poverty and or increased income or the attribution of a change in these numbers to a specific study or research project.

Despite these challenges, studies find that IFPRI research had spill-over effects for specific country-level research, but also in setting the global policy agenda, for example in the areas biodiversity (influencing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources) and trade (with respect to the Doha Development Round of trade negotiations).

Another example of IFPRI's impact on policy formulation was the 2007–2008 world food price crisis. IFPRI was able to quickly pull together relevant research and its resulting recommendation where included in the United Nations’ Comprehensive Framework for Action on food security.

Criticism

CGIAR and its agencies, including the IFPRI have been criticized for their connections to Western governments and multinational agribusiness, although its research publications have also been cited by critics of agribusiness and Genetically Modified Organisms in agriculture. IFPRI describes itself as "neither an advocate nor an opponent of genetically modified crops."

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See Also: seafood, dim sum, wine